biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development
Sociocultural theory is an emerging field of psychology that looks at the contributions of society to individual development. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. This desire then leads to a strong fear that his father will ultimately castrate him due to his attraction to his mother, which is known as castration anxiety. Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. Gender schema theory describes how gender identities develop based on our schemas about that aspect of ourselves and others. For comparison, only 1% of the general population identifies as transgender or transsexual. Cognitive processes bring changes to the individual's thought, intelligence, and language. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. It is full of equipment you are not sure how to use it. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Developmental PSYC practice exam FINAL. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. View. For example, people with a genetic condition known as Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Describe how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy, and explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for . In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Culture, social, biological, and psychological factors can influence the development of psychopathology. Before then, lets be sure we have some important foundational knowledge of psychoanalytic theory. Critics suggest that, although biology may play some role in gender identity development, the environmental and social factors are perhaps more powerful in most developmental areas, and gender identity development is no different. This approach believes that biological sex creates gendered behaviour. They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. In that case, we must base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept. Will you pass the quiz? who suggested that our gender identities develop in a series of atges between the ages of 2 and 7? Boys, however, are encouraged to be more active, and there is certainly more of a focus on academic achievements (Torino, 2017). According to Kohlbergs theory of gender development, what do children develop at the age of three? For example, boys preferred toys that an adult labeled as boy toys. Both theories rely heavily on the influence of parents. (2011 ) social environment impacts the development of gender identity. The theory that I am discussing is Piaget's theory of cognitive development. We receive much of our information about gender from models in our environment (think about all the factors we just learned about parents, media, school, peers). Social relationships, including the gender of friends, and the people they decide to imitate. Module 4 - Gender Through a Developmental Psychology Lens, Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 1: Foundations of A Psychology of Gender, Module 2 - Studying Gender Using the Scientific Method, Module 3 - Gender Through a Social Psychological Lens, Module 5 - Gender Through a Human Sexuality Lens, Module 6 - Gender Through a Cognitive Psychology Lens, Module 7 - Gender Through a Physiological Psychology Lens, Module 8 - Gender Through a Health Psychology Lens, Module 9- Gender Through a Clinical Psychology Lens, Module 10 - Gender Through an Educational Lens, Module 11 - Gender Through an Industrial-Organizational Lens, https://www.simplypsychology.org/little-hans.html, https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfeGf4Ei7F0, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vz_7EQWZjmM, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Socially sensitive: A potential negative consequence of biological explanations of gender development is that it could reinforce harmful stereotypes. Consider this. This helps the child develop a gender identity. Then, there is kinship-based explanations that reason that very early on, we lived in groups as a means of protection and survival. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. As mentioned, these types of experiences (basic evil) lead to maladaptive development which was theorized to occur because the individual begins to believe that, if their parent did not love them then no one could love them. a child may develop a schema about dogs, that contains the knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. Human behavior is complex, being influenced by the fact that we are flesh and blood (biological influences) and our social relationships with other people. Conservation is a child's cognitive ability to understand that even when a person's or object's appearances change, more stable properties such as mass and quantity do not change. For example, boys are praised more for their educational successes (e.g., grades, skill acquisition) whereas girls are acknowledged for more domesticate-related qualities such as having a tidy work area (Eccles, 1987). For example, in adolescence, boys tend to be more career focused whereas girls are focused on relationships (again, this aligns with the emphasis we see placed by educators on children based on their gender). and girls are encouraged to play in ways that develop housekeeping skills (dolls, kitchen sets; Bussey, 2014). Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Everything you need for your studies in one place. By age 3, peers will reinforce one another for engaging in what is considered to be gender-typed or gender-expected play. Biological perspective states that gender is based on the two biological factors; that is the chromosomes and hormones which explains why boys and girls are born with distinctive sexual organs . The structure of personality. Thompson found that the older children were able to correctly identify genders more often than the younger children, suggesting that this skill develops between these two age groups. You then go to the equipment and do the same exact thing! Psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that parents, caregivers, peers, and the . Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the gender schema theory in 1981. consistent with maturational meta-theories, focuses on biological and neurophysiological factors that are present at birth. For years researchers have studied humans to determine if genetic or environmental factors have a more significant impact on a person's behavior. We begin to learn rules of how we are to act, what behavior is accepted and desired by others, what is not, etc. When we use our cognitive abilities to create things, such as tools, we change our environment. The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender. Ultimately, Freud theorized that an individuals psychosomatic distress (physical symptoms that occur due to psychological distress) was a manifestation of internal conflicts. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. A weakness of this theory is that it is descriptive rather than explanatory. It does not explain why gender identities and certain attitudes regarding gender emerge but merely describes what this process looks like and when specific changes occur. When this was discovered, his mother/wife hung herself and Oedipus poked both of his eyes out, blinding him (McLeod, 2008). Media includes movies, television, cartoons, commercials, and print media (e.g., newspapers, magazines). Cognitive approaches use computer models and introspective studies to examine how our thoughts affect us. Boys also tend to use more threats and physical force whereas girls do not prefer this type of play. Freud refers to this as penis envy. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. As they grow, children add (through observation) to their gender schemas. Ultimately, in this stage, boys begin to develop sexual desires for their mother and become jealous of their father. This insecurity then would lead to either (1) withdrawal from competing or (2) becoming more competitive (Harris, 2016). Epigenetics does not look at DNA, but rather things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA. A strength of Kohlberg's theory is that many studies support it, e.g. Prenatal toxin exposure appears to be relevant when examining diethylstilbestrol (DES), specifically. Gender development is examined from infancy through adolescence, integrating biological, socialization, and cognitive perspectives. However, there are rare exceptions to this rule. This was less based on sex and more on qualities of an individual, essentially using peoples strengths to the groups advantage. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. The Oedipus complex and phallic stage. If a toy was attractive (meaning a highly desired toy) but was labeled for girls, boys would reject the toy. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities also mature, meaning we are capable of more complex thought. Next, declarative fact learning, is simply learning by being presented factual information. Gender schema theory, although largely a cognitive theory, does incorporate some elements of social learning as well. She theorized that men tried to compensate for their inability to carry a child by succeeding in other areas of life (Psychodynamic and neo-Freudian theories, n.d.). (2015) suggested using a She also indicated that if females perceived that they had lost the love of their father to another woman (often to the mother) then the individual may become more insecure. His theory states that gender development occurs in stages, similar to Jean Piaget's 1936 essay describing specific stages in which children develop certain cognitive skills. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. In other words, gender identity takes place in our minds and is not biologically determined or strictly behavioural. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. (McLeod, 2008). 111). For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone). Here is a closer look at nutrition and gender and how they affect development. Men and women have different brain structures. What were the results of Thompsons' 1975 study? Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. While modeling in social learning explains some things, it does not explain everything. In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. You may remember learning about psychoanalytic theory in your Introduction to Psychology class. During puberty (between the ages of 10 and 16), young people experience another surge of hormones. Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. Well, non-conforming gender behavior (e.g., boys playing with dolls, girls playing with trucks) is often ridiculed by peers and children may even be actively excluded. Horney disputed this (Harris, 2016). Another theory combines the theory of social learning with cognitive theories (we will discuss cognitive theories below). This then guides his behavior. Well, really, it is due to the areas of the brain that are impacted. when are cognitive approaches considered to have begun? Clarify how psychoanalysis relates to gender development. Bertha (Anna O.) The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. This approach is based on cases where there is a discrepancy between biological sex and gender identity. ; McLeod, 2008). While there was significant research done on females, less research was done on males. . This is learning essentially done through motor practice. Give examples that support your conclusion. He theorized that constancy happens first, which then allows for modeling to occur later (although the opposite is considered true in social cognitive theory). This approach assumes that we develop our gender identities around the age of five, which Freud calls the 'phallic stage', through specific crises he calls 'complexes'. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. Initially, mothers engaged in this behavior more than the children did; however, as children aged, children began displaying this behavior more than their mothers did. Excellent question. This construction of in-group and out-group also leads children to view the out-group as negative and avoid behaviours associated with that group. The biological factors that impact the child's development significantly are, gender, physical health, mental health, and health practice. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). However, in adolescence, they become more rigid again. Does gender behaviour have an evolutionary basis? the fact that cognitive, social, and biological forces all interplay to influence gender development illustrates which theme from the text. Before we get started, we want you to ask yourself a few questions When do we begin to recognize and label ourselves as boy or girl, and why? What is the cognitive theory of gender development? To help manage this conflict, the superego develops, and the boy transfers his desire for his mother onto other women, in general. However, growing evidence has led to a new conception of psychosexual development as a result of genetic, hormonal, and psychosocial influences. Teacher: Phillips Warren Notes will help you get an A on every test 12 gender and sexuality biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender gender: Schemas are abstract cognitive representations of concepts, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. Furthermore, the authors point out that the social-cognitive theory is based on psychological and socio-structural determinants operating within the society. Unlike Social Learning theory that is based on external rewards and punishments, Cognitive Learning theory states that children develop gender at their own levels. To explain this, social cognitive theory posits that one has enactive experiences (this is essentially when a person receives reactions to gendered behavior), direct instruction (this is when someone is taught knowledge of expected gendered behavior), and modeling (this is when others show someone gendered behavior and expectations). When considering psychological theories of gender development, the age-old question is central to the conversation -- does gender identity develop due to nature or nurture? This theory underscores the idea, present . The problem with his theory is children begin to recognize gender and model gender behaviors before they have the cognitive capacity for gender constancy (remember all that we learned about how infants show gender-based knowledge?). Martin, Eisenbud, and Rose (1995) conducted a study in which they had groups of boy toys, girl toys, and neutral toys. Hormones causing gender differences is a cognitive explanation for gender development. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. The infant is born into a gendered world! The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. What did Liben and Signorella (1993) find in their study? Infants do not prefer gendered toys (Bussey, 2014). The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we focus on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. We do not really give infants a chance to develop their own preferences parents and the caregivers in their life do that for them, immediately. Their work has particularly focussed on a pair of male identical twins, one of whom had his penis so severely injured during circumcision, that at the age of 17 months he underwent gender reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. Teenagers experience biological, cognitive, and social changes during adolescence that can affect their gender role attitudes (Eagly & Wood, 2012 ). Observation is one of our most important survival skills as humansChildrenen watch and observes those around us from a very young age m and, eventually, try to mimic them. Social behavior that reflects varying degrees of aggression, dominance, dependency and gentleness. Theories that suggest that gender identity development is universal across cultures (e.g., Eastern versus Western cultures, etc.) In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. It appears that children first learn to label others gender, then their own. Really, this area falls into two subcategories: prenatal hormonal exposure and prenatal toxin exposure. In a girl, it is the other way around. Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. One must have an ability to label their own identity, which is known as gender identity. Children are born in a family; inherit many traits and features from their parents. Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al. Freud theorized that healthy development leads to the sexual drive being released through heterosexual intercourse; however, fixations or incomplete resolutions of conflict in this stage may lead to sexual atypicalities (e.g., preference for oral sex rather than intercourse, homosexual relations, etc. As such, the groups that formed tended to be kin and shared similar DNA. Lets look at a few of those factors. Research has found this to be true in preverbal children (Fagot, 1974), which is incredible, if you think about it. Third is nondeclarative motor learning, which heavily involves the cerebellum. So how does this work for girls if they do not have a penis to fear castration of? It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors, such as hormones. vanessa2777. Psychologists have identified several theories of gender development that can help answer this question. Other factors: Although there is strong evidence for a biological component to gender, other factors - such as cognitive factors and social learning - likely play a role as well. To carry out the required tasks, males needed higher androgens/testosterone to allow for higher muscle capacity as well as aggression. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we are focusing on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. The reason it was finally taken off the market was because females were showing higher rates of cancer. Fig. Create and find flashcards in record time. it is supported by many studies, such as Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al (1984), A weakness of this theory is that the theory is simply descriptive rather than explanatory. The cognitive-developmental theory of gender development suggests that children adjust their view of gender based on the new information they receive as they mature. In the Phallic stage, the penis (or absence thereof) is the focus of the libido, and thus, will be the focus of the conflict that must be resolved in that stage. Mothers modeled this behavior, and children later began to model the same behavior. Although Kohlberg indicated that modeling was important and relevant, he posited that it was only relevant once gender constancy is achieved. The following link provides a nice summary of how the two genders move through the Phallic Stage: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf . Biological, Cognitive, Socioemotional Development Introduction Psychology is a profession that explains scientific changes that occur in human beings during their development stages. The book establishes a new cognitive theory of style and creativity in design and Biologically oriented theories, such as that of John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, have focused on the many genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between the sexes as providing the major basis for the gender role distinctions shown by . We then become models for others as well! However, this theory is limited by methodological problems associated with the studies that support it. Cognitive studies use various methods such as case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews to find our thinking patterns and what they mean to us. A lot of the research that is used to support the theory is conducted using interviews on young children, which makes demand characteristics more likely. Others incorporate modeling into their theory with some caveats. When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that the brain is more inclined to male behaviours. This is modeling and you modeled the behavior of the person ahead of you. We learned about the psychodynamic theories of Freud and Horney. Furthermore, 18-month-old babies associated bears, hammers, and trees with males. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. So how do peers socialize gender? Ultimately, she accepts that she cannot have a penis, nor have her father, and she transfers this desire onto other men and later transfers her desire for a penis to a desire for a baby (and maybe even more so, a baby boy; Sammons, n.d.). The development of personality. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. If they are provided such, they will develop appropriately. The complex is described as an unconscious tension in which a young girl is preoccupied with her father and hates her mother because she sees her as a rival and believes she has castrated her, so she has no penis. Our biological sex is determined at birth by our 23rd chromosome. The most likely strategy, if there is no trainer/employee around to ask, is to watch what someone does on the machine. Both describe how specific cognitive skills and thought processes can affect how our gender identity develops. For example, say a little girl is playing with a truck and her peers laugh at her. This could be because staying with like-minded people, such as members of your gender, was much safer than spending time with people very dissimilar to you (e.g., an unfamiliar group) because they would not have much incentive to raise you and help you survive. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. What parents talk to their children about is different based on gender as well. Following the Phallic stage is the Latency stage, in which Freud indicated that no real psychosexual development occurs; rather impulses are repressed. Children learn what it means to be a boy or girl from their environment, clothes, and toys. To resolve this tension, the girl adopts her mother's feminine traits and replaces her desire for a penis with a desire for a baby. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Fig. For example, Most girls dont like trucks. Essentially, parents provided extra commentary in the story, and that commentary tended to include vast generalizations about gender. When testosterone is low, the baby grows female sex organs, and its brain does not undergo significant gendered changes. Basic hostility was defined as the individuals anger at their parents while experiencing high frustration that they were dependent on them (Harris, 2016). This theory states that these social influences impact childrens development of gender understanding and identity (Bussey, 2014). In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. So, as we very briefly review this, our focus will be on the different brain structures that impact specific aspects of learning. what is a strength of the gender schema theory? A female can never fully resolve penis envy, and if taken Freuds theory is to be taken literally, a female can never fully resolve the core conflict of the Phallic Stage and will always have some fixation and thus, some maladaptive development. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. Children tend to play in sex-segregated peer groups. Similar to boys, the development of the superego allows the girl to resolve this conflict. what techniques are used in cognitive approaches? Sometimes referred to as the Electra Complex, Freud theorized that girls were upset and distressed that they had no penis (referred to as penis envy) and resented their mother for this. The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table The Biological Contributions to Gender Identity and Gender Diversity: Bringing Data to the Table Authors 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . Even Disney movies tend to portray stereotyped roles for gender, often having a female in distress that needs to be saved by a male hero; although Disney has made some attempts to show women as more independent and assertive in more characters. Write by: . Gender refers to a person's sense of, and expression of, their maleness or femaleness. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. A child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. Are there psychodynamic explanations for gender development. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The pain that was produced from basic evil then led to basic hostility. Overall, teachers place less emphasis on girls academic accomplishments and focus more on their cooperation, cleanliness, obedience, and quiet/passive play. And trees with males be sure we have some important foundational knowledge psychoanalytic! 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