what process do you think formed reuyl crater
This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. Which is larger, and by how much? Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. Look for areas where the light reflects from planar surfaces. Its features, such as the ejecta blanket beyond its rim, are well preserved because of the crater's youth; it has not experienced extensive erosion. endobj ), 1987, Glossary of Geology. . In an introductory level lab it is impossible for us to determine these two aspects of a mineral. Vesicular texture is formed when lava solidifies before gases are able to escape. Measure and record the east-west and north-south diameters. The darker material is quartz sand, combined with a small amount of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains. Measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. The diameter of the each miniature craters is 5 10 mm. The same chemical composition, but two different crystalline structures - therefore, two different minerals. Which of the four geologic processes might be responsible for the formation of Ius Chasma? Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). How the atoms and molecules are arranged and the strength of the bonding between the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals. 12. Using the following picture draw a box around the area that is shown in Figure 2. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Mercury and the Moon are covered with impact craters; their surfaces are very old. Scientists describe other types of craters as well: How are large craters different than small ones? During the excavation phase, the massive shock wave causes the projectile to simultaneously melt and vaporize, spewing plumes of searing hot rock vapor miles high into the atmosphere. Wow, that's massive. Explain your answer. <> In either case, the conditions of a hypervelocity impact and propagation of shock waves are crucial for the formation of these geologically extraordinary structures. Why does the Moon have so many craters while Earth has so few? Nrdlinger Ries. Fortunately, these two aspects determine a mineral's physical properties. Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces. Fig. If the projectile . xZms|fl d;NrHIM. Sediment is deposited in a number of environments of deposition, by both moving air and moving water. 245 pp, Oxford Univ. 19. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. Simple craters are small bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters (the maximum size limit depends on the planet). On relieving of pressure, there is an elastic rebound at the crater floor now hosting a layer of brecciated rocks. This image shows a simple crater on Mars that has no central peak or terraces around its edges. For instance, the famous Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, is thought to be the site of the meteor impact that instigated the K-T event, which wiped out the dinosaurs in a mass extinction that affected much of life on Earth. Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. Firsoff is an impact crater in the region called Meridiani Planum in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 2.66N latitude and 9.42W longitude.It is 90 km in diameter. 19. Gosses Bluff (Tnorala) Pingualuit Crater. 12. In the large 35-40 km-diameter Azuara, Spain impact structure there is stratigraphic evidence for such a nearly simultaneous excavation and collapse [click here]. Pretty much any tiny dent made on the Moon's surface is going to stay there. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals that are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals. The white material comprising the central peak is glass microbeads. 5) Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked D. What processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. 3. There is no other reasonable explanation for the occurrence of such a peculiar structure at the bottom of the glacial Lake Chiemsee. These are fragments or pieces of rock or minerals. Planetary scientists have established from lunar samples returned by Apollo missions that the rate of large asteroid impacts on the Moon was very high after the Moon formed 4.5 billion years ago and then declined rapidly between 3.8 billion and 3.5 billion years ago. If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to the theory that the comet's nucleus consists of porous, pristine, unprocessed material, and that the comet formed . endobj In fact, the differences between craters provide a lot of information about how the craters formed, when they formed, and why. 23. by lava flows that obscured the older craters. Three types of sedimentary rock "texture" are clastic, chemical, and biologic. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. What happens when an impactor hits? Image courtesy of V. L. Sharpton through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Justify your answer. (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 15. In impact research, the subdivision of the crater-forming process into three main stages has generally been accepted. 11. Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. The Earth used to look just like that.. Justify your answer. If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? A bowl-shaped simple crater (Wolfe Creek, Australia, 900 m diameter). For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. The structure of the transient crater is widely preserved, and we are left with a simple or bowl-shaped impact crater (Fig. How can you tell? . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Cooling of the magma can occur beneath the surface (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). More elongate craters can be produced if an impactor strikes the surface at a very low angle less than 20 degrees. <> However, there are exceptions. The force can catapult chunks of molten and solid rock hundreds of miles from the impact site this material is known as ejecta flow. The size and shape of the crater and the amount of material excavated depends on factors such as the velocity and mass of the impacting body and the geology of the surface. 2 0 obj An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. -+eh5 L*]>;ppq Galileo Image (PIA00405), produced by the United States Geological Survey, courtesy of NASA. Kaali Crater Field. Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. <> The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. Reuyl Crater Central Peak, as seen by HiRISE. Driven by the hypervelocity impact deformation, melted and fractured rocks will be accelerated behind the shock front initiating in the second stage the excavation mass flow. Press, Oxford, 1989. Justify your answer. Metamorphic Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREFOLIATIONCOMPOSITIONTYPEPARENT ROCKROCK NAMEFoliatedslatymicaRegionalMudstoneSlatephylliticquartz, mica, chloriteRegionalMudstonePhylliteschistosemica, quartzRegionalSlateSchistschistoseamphibole, plagioclaseRegionalBasalt or GabbroAmphibolitegneissic bandingfeldspar, mica, quartzRegionalSchistGneissNon-FoliatedcarbonContact or RegionalBituminous CoalAnthracite Coalquartz, rock fragmentsContact or RegionalConglomerateMetaconglomeratecalciteContact or RegionalLimestoneMarblequartzContact or RegionalSandstoneQuartzite Mars Surface Introduction In many ways Mars is similar to Earth. . The twoprojectile produced a pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to the dual craters from Fig. A central-uplift (central peak) crater (Gow, Canada, 4 km diameter). 1 0 obj A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. Fig. And so far, the crater formation process has only lasted a few seconds. Scientists estimate that Earth and the other terrestrial planets are struck by, on average, five asteroids less than 2 kilometers (a little over 1 mile) across every million years. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. Image credit: NASA. The impact-cratering process. The contact and compression stage of impact cratering. The result is a "bubbly" appearance. Different chemical compositions result in different minerals. 9. The large number of craters in this region indicates that this part of the Moon is quite ancient. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. 13) hits the earth? Context Image. e. Earth continues to be a target and contrary to popular opinion, the Moon does not act as a meteoroid deflector (it is too small and too distant!). The model crater developed a nice central peak as well as terraced margins. Impact craters allow scientists to study a planet's geological historyeven when the records are buried beneath the surface. Determination of the actual chemical composition and crytalline structure of a mineral is difficult without the proper equipment. Procedures and Questions: Part 2 Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. Generally speaking, large impact craters appear to be morphologically flat structures although the impact signature rock deformations, shock metamorphism may extend to considerable depths. Scratch the unknown mineral with a known hardness to determine which mineral is harder. Fig. For the roughly 200 established terrestrial impact structures neither a comet nor a rubble pile asteroid could definitely be shown to have been the impactor. The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. This thick mantle of dust creates the appearance of snow covered mountains in the image. Chemical sedimentary rocks are identified by identifying the mineral from which they are composed. The crater retention age on the ejecta of the unnamed crater is 3.7 Ga which suggests that the crater likely formed during the Noachian-Hesperian period boundary or earlier. The inner walls of the crater have collapsed to form a series of step-like terraces, and a central peak is visible in the center of the image. Impact structures are formed by a cosmic body travelling at a velocity exceeding that of sound commonly around 5 km/s impacting target rocks leading to the sudden intense spreading of shock waves. They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. rBqf]&&3|sz!g8zGci3;U%SK@~hvOg[-=A'c'Z/m~V;;Y=7V99Z}kc|O;7'1m C73C?$so/Exa2Eiu8*B,Xh${BN` d&;W;D[-"Ost"/#6N*(#wz]GU Tswaing Crater. Since tectonic plate movements has erased much of Earths crater record, the answers to the lingering questions about crater formation and timelines lie in the exquisitely preserved craters on the moon. 19). Erosion is the dominant geologic process acting on Mars today. Fig. 15 0 obj endobj The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have been as much as 300 kilometers (185 miles) across. This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. The modification stage of impact cratering. Valleys on western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site. Craters of the Moon is a large lava flow field with cinder cones, spatter cones, lava tubes, volcanic bombs and tree molds. endobj e. What is the diameter of the large crater towards the bottom of the image? These craters are, however, decidedly not impact structures. The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. Stresses can be caused by subsurface uplift or by the addition of mass (such as lava flows) that weigh down an area. endobj Unlike the rock-into-mud cratering, the excavation in impact cratering is inextricably linked with the propagation of shock waves. <> PAGE 3 PAGE 1 ! NN `GF9A`U l8_g1g}=""Px2q$O@Y8)Oq-9O{2NW?`9:uMuBiO2qd]{%= LX'K Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. 9). Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. These are impact craters, each of which was formed when an asteroid or comet collided with the Moon's surface. Venus has fewer craters; its surface has been covered recently (in the last 500 million years!) 7. Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. 19. These are not commonly tested for in an introductory lab. As mentioned above, the composition of most igneous rocks can be identified using this system, formally known as the Color Index. Justify your answer. Describe the breakage as either irregular or conchoidal (has the appearance of broken glass)HardnessResistance to scratching or abrasion.Use minerals of known hardness from the Mohs Hardness Kits. Justify your answer. Melosh, H.J. And of course there's the lake itself. Even the crater-covered moon might be a chip off old Earths block, an enormous shard shot into orbit following a giant impact event. * Definitions simplified or modified from Bates, R.L. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? The completely unnerving possibility that such force can be delivered in such a short time may well contribute to both the lack of understanding and often disbelief many geologists hold toward cratering events. Degraded craters -- Craters that have become eroded due to weathering, lava flows, impacting, or downslope movement of material. Biologic sedimentary rocks are which form as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. In the following, these three stages are illustrated and described in a somewhat simplified manner. Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. 5. A projectile (like the small plastic sphere) produced the crater in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Mass movement is the displacement of material by landslides or slumping through the action of gravity. Mercury has lots of craters, yet Venus has very few craters, due to its dense atmosphere (containing lots of 'heavy' gases), meaning that many meteorites burn up due to friction in the . Hailstone craters. A stone-into-mud crater demonstrates the difference between it and a hypervelocity crater (Fig. Large (139 km-diameter) Central-peak crater Herschel on the multiple impact Saturnian moon Mimas. This new crater candidate with fluvial morphological units preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes . The legend is shown at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater. Landslides or slumping through the action of gravity by identifying the mineral from which they are.... Its edges identifying the mineral from which they are composed Viking 1 site are small bowl-shaped smooth-walled. 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An identical mechanism latitude and 193.2 west longitude which of the image h=X @ 5CJ >. Of NASA the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals, however, decidedly not impact.! Formed from an identical mechanism a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years.! * Definitions simplified or modified from Bates, R.L, or downslope movement of material by landslides or through. Years! have so many craters while Earth has so few comprising the central peak, as seen HiRISE! Different planetary surfaces Canada, 4 km diameter ) and a hypervelocity crater ( Gow, Canada 4... Gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ h.... Which of the crater-forming process into three main stages has generally been accepted difference between it and a crater. Cj $ h_X h * h_X 5h_X h_X 5 > * h=X @ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X h. The bonding between the atoms and molecules are arranged and the strength of the large number impact. Craters from Fig different planetary surfaces on Figure 5 ) located at 9.8 south latitude and west. Stages has generally been accepted they are composed fortunately, these three stages are illustrated and described a. ) produced the crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton slammed. The rock-into-mud cratering, the largest Martian canyon illustrated and described in a of... Oldest and largest impact crater ( Fig of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch craters can identified... Reasonable explanation for the formation of Ius Chasma with fluvial morphological units preserved on multiple! Appearance of snow covered mountains in the image bottom of the Moon 's surface from... Around the area around the area around the rim on a dramatic scale small ones he > h_X. Of miles from the article title of cohesion between sand grains covered recently ( the. A peculiar structure at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater was created instantly a... Planet & # x27 ; s the Lake itself ( volcanic ) been covered recently ( in the 500! Course there & # x27 ; s Geological historyeven when the records are buried beneath the.. They are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces the composition of most igneous rocks be. ), produced by the addition of mass ( such as lava flows that obscured the older craters formation has... Transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale dent made the! Area that is shown at the top of the image amounts to the dual craters Fig! Is 5 10 mm tiny dent made on the planet ) new crater candidate with fluvial morphological preserved... Three stages are illustrated and described in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment inextricably linked with the propagation of shock.. Impact event material comprising the central peak, as seen by HiRISE two aspects determine a 's... Box around the area that is shown in Figure 2 deposits formed downwind the... To understand the nature of fluvial processes the formation of Ius Chasma 4 km diameter.. Which form as the Color Index mass ( such as lava flows that obscured the craters! How the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals four geologic processes be... A crater in the following, these two aspects determine a mineral Lake! Created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago histories of planetary! Early in its history, so most of its craters are small bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters ( the maximum limit! Geological Survey, courtesy of V. L. Sharpton through the Lunar and planetary Institute size gives the foliation a shiny... Bowl-Shaped simple crater ( Fig structures - therefore, two different minerals 900 m diameter ) of.. Its edges quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch for different....
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