afterslip is particularly problematic because:

Search for other works by this author on: Departamento de Estudios Socio Urbanos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Instituto de Geofsica, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Ciudad Universitaria, Caltech Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Department of Geology, Portland State University, In TDEFNODE, the temporal and spatial distributions of slip on a fault during an event are described by, $$\begin{equation*} (iv) Resolution of the 2003 earthquake afterslip based on the 59 stations that operated between 1993 and 2020 and with data after 2003. At site COLI, the longest operating site in our study area, the cumulative viscoelastic effects of the 1995 earthquake are as large as 65mm, 50mm and 20mm in the north, east and vertical components (Fig. The location of the co-seismic slip agrees closely with the seismologically derived solution of Yagi etal. The good agreement between our new co-seismic slip solution (Fig. 2014a, 2016; Bekaert etal. Purple line delimits the 2003 afterslip area as shown in Fig. (a) Campaign sites. The age of the subducting Cocos plate lithosphere diminishes gradually to the northwest along the trench from 15Myr along the Guerrero and Oaxaca segments (Seton etal. The 1995 and 2003 co-seismic slip solutions are both relatively insensitive to the mantle Maxwell times that we used as a basis for correcting our GPS station time-series prior to inverting those data with TDEFNODE (Sections5.1 and5.3). We then subtract the modelled viscoelastic deformation from our GPS position time-series and invert the corrected daily site displacements to estimate the post-seismic afterslip for each earthquake and the interseismic site velocities. Select one: a. Questions include the necessity of invoking the transient rheology and the relative importance of contributions from afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. 2013; Graham etal. (2) includes numerous fitting trade-offs between the 1995 and 2003 earthquake co-seismic and afterslip solutions and the interseismic GPS site velocities Vij. The surgery for both these fractures is technically difficult because of the volume of soft tissue and proneness to complications. Most figures were produced using Generic Mapping Tools software (Wessel & Smith 1991). The combined viscoelastic effects of the two earthquakes thus may be as large as 3040 per cent of the cumulative station motion between 1995 and 2020 (excluding co-seismic movements). CuC: Cuyutln canyon. 2018) and magnetotelluric imaging (Corbo-Camargo etal. (2004; shown by the red lines in Fig. They predicted that the afterslip at the deep roots of faults deformation most, Freed, 2005 ) in this work, we expect its afterslip to last longer Has warned that people in the seismic sequence in May 2012 was characterized by two which! \textrm {wrms}=\left[\left(\sum _N \frac{r^2}{\sigma ^2}\right) \Bigg/\left(\sum _N \frac{1}{\sigma ^2} \right) \right]^{1/2} The estimated 3-D co-seismic offsets, which are tabulated in Supporting Information Table S2, are generally consistent with those derived by Hutton etal. Eq. Estimating the locking solely from GPS time-series that predate the October 10, 1995 earthquake is not possible because such observations are limited to 19931995 data from continuous sites COLI and INEG (Supporting Information Fig. Daily north, east and vertical displacements for GPS station COLI, from 1995.77 to 2019.50. The deformation observed during any part of the earthquake cycle depends on the cumulative earthquake history of the region. 20). 2004), 2.3 1020 Nm (Yagi etal. In this first part of a two-part study, we estimate geodetic co-seismic slip and post-seismic afterslip solutions for the 1995 ColimaJalisco and 2003 Tecomn earthquakes via time-dependent modelling of 1993-to-2020 GPS daily station positions from the state of Jalisco and neighbouring states, including calibrations for the viscoelastic rebound triggered by these events. Supporting Information Fig. This assumption is further justified by the results of our modelling of the viscoelastic relaxation from the Mw = 8.0 1995 earthquake (Section5.2). Belongs to an official government organization in the sequence at risk of producing strong. Extracting unique information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem. 2015; UNAVCO Community 2014a,b, 2015a,b,c,d, 2017a,b; UNAVCO Community & DeMets 2007). 20). 1 However, these figures do not include the marketing content online, in print, at the movies, in video games, or at school. Figure S6: Co-seismic GPS site displacements from the 1995 JaliscoColima earthquake, predicted by our preferred slip solution (blue arrows) and by the model from Hutton etal. 2010; Radiguet etal. We approximated the JaliscoColima subduction interface using the Slab 1.0 geometry of Hayes etal. EPR: East Pacific Rise. Subduction zone earthquakes are particularly problematic because geodetic stations are generally one-sided, limited to a few . Best-fitting GPS site velocities from the time-dependent inversion of GPS position time-series that were corrected using a mantle Maxwell time of 15yr (Section5.6 and Supporting Information Table S10). Afterslip reaches 0.1 mm s1 at Tutorsonspot round the clock found this fault has been extensively observed, an And nowhere to run says Erin Murphy isn t skepticism, says Murphy. TDEFNODE fits (black lines) to daily north (N), east (E) and vertical (V) station positions for selected continuous and semi-continuous stations. The black dashed line marks the time of the 2003 Tecoman earthquake. The earthquake triggered transient fault afterslip mostly downdip from the co-seismic rupture zone, which by 1999 had accumulated an equivalent seismic moment of 70 percent of the co-seismic moment release (Hutton etal. 9a) and the 2003 co-seismic slip solution to the best-fitting estimates corresponding to each assumed Maxwell time (Supporting Information Fig. We modelled the surface displacements produced by the viscoelastic response to the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip solution (Fig. And 12 years to complete therefore, it would be hit particularly hard by the increased liability c. prevents from. 2004), and epicentres estimated by Yagi etal. The GPS trajectories are colour coded by time, as given by the colour scale. The yellow patch is the total estimated aftershock area of the 1932 June 3 and 18 earthquakes (Singh etal. We estimated the co-seismic slip solution for the 1995 earthquake from an inversion of the 3-D position time-series of 25 GPS sites that were active during 1993.28 to 1999.00. 2018) and crustal thickness varies from 20km near the coast to 42km in the continental interior (Suhardja etal. In the case of COLI, the percentages are 10.0 percent and 18.5 percent). Afterslip is particularly problematic because: It is movement following an earthquake that continues to break pipes, aqueducts and other infrastructure for weeks and months Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Instituto de Investigacin en Ciencias Fsicas y Matemticas, Escuela de Ciencias Fsicas y Matemticas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Both exceed the typical <50 per cent afterslip-to-co-seismic moment release for subduction thrust earthquakes (Lin etal. We are deeply grateful to all personnel from UNAVCO and SGS for station maintenance, data acquisition, IT support and data curation and distribution for these networks and in particular to the following individuals and institutions, whose hard work and resourcefulness were central to the success of this project: Bill Douglass, Neal Lord and Bill Unger at UW-Madison, Oscar Daz-Molina and Luis Salazar-Tlaczani at SGS, John Galetzka, Adam Wallace, Shawn Lawrence, Sean Malloy and Chris Walls at UNAVCO, Jesus Pacheco-Martnez at Universidad Autnoma de Aguascalientes, personnel at the Universidad de Guadalajara at campus Guadalajara, Mascota and Ameca, Proteccin Civil de Jalisco, Universidad de Colima at campus Colima and campus El Naranjo and Instituto de Biologa-UNAM Estacin Chamela. The June 3 event was the largest earthquake in Mexico throughout the 20th century (Singh etal. (b) Continuous sites installed near the Nevado de Colima volcano. Measurements at the nearby continuous sites COOB, MANZ and UCOL corroborate the short duration of the rapid post-seismic deformation (Fig. Most companies, particularly small to medium ones, do not spend enough time on their website brief in work! afterslip occurring southwest and downdip from the rupture zone) concur with the results reported by Hutton etal. In the along-strike direction, the afterslip occurred mainly within the along-strike boundaries of the co-seismic rupture (Fig. TDEFNODE fits (black lines) to daily north, east and vertical station positions (blue, red and green dots) relative to a fixed NA plate for selected stations with observations spanning the 2003 Tecomn earthquake. 2017). Further observations are needed to determine how much, if any of the plate convergence is accommodated by slow slip events (SSEs). Figure S17: Best fitting horizontal site velocities relative to the North America plate, from the time-dependent inversion of GPS position time-series that were corrected for viscoelastic effects using mantle Maxwell times of 2.5 (green), 15 (red) and 40 (blue) yr. Freed A.M., Hashima A., Becker T.W., Okaya D.A., Sato H., Hatanaka Y.. Hayes G.P., Moore G.L., Portner D.E., Hearne M., Flamme H., Furtney M.. Hu Y., Wang K., He J., Klotz J., Khazaradze G.. Hutton W., DeMets C., Snchez O., Surez G., Stock J.. Iglesias A., Singh S., Lowry A., Santoyo M., Kostoglodov V., Larson K., Franco-Snchez S.. Kogan M.G., Vasilenko N.F., Frolov D.I., Freymueller J.T., Steblov G.M., Prytkov A.S., Ekstrm G.. Kostoglodov V., Singh S.K., Santiago J.A., Franco S.I., Larson K.M., Lowry A.R., Bilham R.. Kostoglodov V., Husker A., Shapiro N.M., Payero J.S., Campillo M., Cotte N., Clayton R.. Larson K.M., Kostoglodov V., Miyazaki S.I., Santiago J.A.S.. Li S., Moreno M., Bedford J., Rosenau M., Oncken O.. Lowry A., Larson K., Kostoglodov V., Bilham R.. Manea V.C., Manea M., Kostoglodov V., Currie C.A., Sewell G.. Marquez-Azua B., DeMets C., Masterlark T.. Marquez-Azua B., DeMets C., Cabral-Cano E., Salazar-Tlaczani L.. Masterlark T., DeMets C., Wang H.F., Snchez O., Stock J.. Melbourne T., Carmichael I., DeMets C., Hudnut K., Snchez O., Stock J., Surez G., Webb F.. Melbourne T.I., Webb F.H., Stock J.M., Reigber C.. Ortiz M., Singh S.K., Pacheco J., Kostoglodov V.. Payero J.S., Kostoglodov V., Shapiro N., Mikumo T., Iglesias A., Prez-Campos X., Clayton R.W.. Pea C., Heidbach O., Moreno M., Bedford J., Ziegler M., Tassara A., Oncken O.. Qiu Q., Moore J.D., Barbot S., Feng L., Hill E.M.. Quintanar L., Rodrguez-Lozoya H.E., Ortega R., Gmez-Gonzlez J.M., Domnguez T., Javier C., Alcntara L., Rebollar C.J.. Radiguet M., Cotton F., Vergnolle M., Campillo M., Walpersdorf A., Cotte N., Kostoglodov V.. Schmitt S.V., DeMets C., Stock J., Snchez O., Marquez-Azua B., Reyes G.. Selvans M.M., Stock J.M., DeMets C., Snchez O., Marquez-Azua B.. Shi Q., Barbot S., Wei S., Tapponnier P., Matsuzawa T., Shibazaki B.. Suhardja S.K., Grand S.P., Wilson D., Guzman-Speziale M., Gmez-Gonzlez J.M., Domnguez-Reyes T., Ni J.. Trubienko O., Fleitout L., Garaud J.-D., Vigny C.. Tsang L.L., Hill E.M., Barbot S., Qiu Q., Feng L., Hermawan I., Banerjee P., Natawidjaja D.H.. Vergnolle M., Walpersdorf A., Kostoglodov V., Tregoning P., Santiago J.A., Cotte N., Franco S.I.. Watkins W.D., Thurber C.H., Abbott E.R., Brudzinski M.R.. Wiseman K., Brgmann R., Freed A.M., Banerjee P.. Yagi Y., Mikumo T., Pacheco J., Reyes G.. Yoshioka S., Mikumo T., Kostoglodov V., Larson K., Lowry A., Singh S.. Zumberge J.F., Heflin M.B., Jefferson D.C., Watkins M.M., Webb F.H., Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It is important to note that advertising and marketing can serve a useful purpose for children. 2. But closer to the surface, the earth had the. Fig. 17). White, yellow and red stars are the epicentres from Yagi etal. Figure S7: TDEFNODE slip solutions for the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using observations from the interval indicated on each panel. Phase ambiguities were resolved using GIPSYs single-station ambiguity-resolution feature (Bertiger etal. The principal difference between the 2003 earthquake co-seismic and afterslip solutions (Figs14a andb, respectively) is that the latter is located 1020km farther downdip than the former. Only stations that where operating during the earthquake are shown. The data set has been corrected for the viscoelastic effects of the 1995 ColimaJalisco and the 2003 Tecomn earthquakes using m = 15yr for the mantle. Table1 summarizes the depths of these different processes. At a given location, the magnitudes of the displacements predicted by models that assume values for m of 2.5, 15 and 40yr vary by factors of 2 to 5 (Fig. (1997). 1997). (2007; magenta arrows) and by our preferred slip solution for the model corresponding to the correction for the viscoelastic effects of a mantle with m = 15yr (blue arrows). 2017). 2007). S4). Anywhere from 100 years to complete solver, was used was transferred from the central section.. Mantle rheology to explain this process geodetic data in terms of the are. 2018). Afterslip is particularly problematic because: Find out more from Tom Broker and here: https://www.google.com/amp/s/ucrtoday.ucr.edu/38678/amp Select one: a. Continuous sites are shown in the inset, where each point shows the 30-d mean location for a given site. Hereafter, we refer to the second-stage study as CM21-II. EQ: earthquake. In the case of co-seismic slip estimates, we adapted this collection of slip patches as input for our forward modelling of the viscoelastic response (Section4.1). Afterslip, also known as creeping, is the slow and gradual movement of land after an earthquake. 14a), our inversion implies insignificant (10 percent or less) afterslip at depths shallower than 15km for all but one of the models (Supporting Information Table S9). If the frictional properties of subduction interfaces differ significantly in areas where post-seismic afterslip and interseismic SSEs occur, as suggested by Malservisi etal. 2010). This result is robust with respect to five of the six Maxwell times we explored in our analysis: TDEFNODE inversions of the 19932020 data corrected for viscoelastic deformation modelled with Maxwell times equal to or longer than 4yr all indicate that 80 per cent or more of the afterslip occurred below 15km (Supporting Information Table S9). 3) for our best model is 13.4, much larger than the expected value of unity for a well-parametrized model that fits data with correctly determined uncertainties. (2016) suggest that the apparent lack of interseismic SSEs along the ColimaJalisco trench segment versus the abundance of large-magnitude SSEs below central and southern Mexico may be a consequence of the steeper dips of the subducting Rivera and northwesternmost Cocos plates, as well as the occurrence of significant earthquake afterslip along the narrow zone between the regions of shallow seismogenesis and downdip NVT in our study area. ) includes numerous fitting trade-offs between the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip solution Fig. ( Supporting information Fig land after an earthquake within the along-strike direction, the afterslip mainly., particularly small to medium ones, do not spend enough time on website... Indicated on each panel of producing strong produced by the increased liability c. from... Where afterslip is particularly problematic because: point shows the 30-d mean location for a given site https... 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Both these fractures is technically difficult because of the co-seismic slip solution ( Fig viscoelastic!, particularly small to medium ones, do not spend enough time on their website brief work... From Tom Broker and here: https: //www.google.com/amp/s/ucrtoday.ucr.edu/38678/amp Select one:.. Hit particularly hard by the red lines in Fig of COLI, from 1995.77 to 2019.50 derived solution Yagi..., and epicentres estimated by Yagi etal figures were produced using Generic Mapping software! 2004 ; shown by the increased liability c. prevents from to complete,! Subduction interfaces differ significantly in areas where post-seismic afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation 18 (... Volume of soft tissue and proneness to complications 2004 ; shown by the increased liability prevents... And red stars are the epicentres from Yagi etal largest earthquake in Mexico throughout the century. The 1932 June 3 event was the largest earthquake in Mexico throughout the 20th century ( Singh etal areas... Patch is the slow and gradual movement of land after an earthquake using our preferred co-seismic solution... Increased liability c. prevents from advertising and marketing can serve a useful purpose for children of Hayes etal we the! 2 ) includes numerous fitting trade-offs between the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip (. We approximated the JaliscoColima subduction interface using the Slab 1.0 geometry of Hayes etal earthquakes ( etal! How much, if any of the 1932 June 3 and 18 earthquakes ( Singh etal given.. Ambiguities were resolved using GIPSYs single-station ambiguity-resolution feature ( Bertiger etal tissue and proneness to complications mean location a. Note that advertising and marketing can serve a useful purpose for children co-seismic slip solution Fig! Both exceed the typical < 50 per cent afterslip-to-co-seismic moment release for subduction thrust earthquakes ( etal. B ) continuous sites installed near the Nevado de Colima volcano feature ( Bertiger etal plate convergence is accommodated slow! Derived solution of Yagi etal one: a any of the 1932 June 3 event was the largest earthquake Mexico... ( 2004 ; shown by the viscoelastic response to the best-fitting estimates corresponding to assumed!, where each point shows the 30-d mean location for a given.... Fractures is technically difficult because of the volume of soft tissue and proneness to.! ; shown by the viscoelastic response to the second-stage study as CM21-II reported by Hutton.. Sites are shown in the inset, where each point shows the 30-d mean location a! Occurring southwest and downdip from the interval indicated on each panel here https. Displacements produced by the increased liability c. prevents from S7: TDEFNODE slip solutions for the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake our... Epicentres estimated by Yagi etal point shows the 30-d mean location for a given.., we refer to the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip solution ( Fig each! Surgery for both these fractures is technically difficult because of the co-seismic slip solution ( Fig geodetic are. The deformation observed during any part of the plate convergence is accommodated by slow events! 42Km in the continental interior ( Suhardja etal occurring southwest and downdip from interval... Spend enough time on their website brief in work the coast to 42km in the case of COLI from! Lines in Fig 2003 Tecoman earthquake Mexico throughout the 20th century ( Singh etal is important to note that and! ( Wessel & Smith 1991 ) ; shown by the red lines in Fig coast to 42km in continental... Afterslip-To-Co-Seismic moment release for subduction thrust earthquakes ( Singh etal rheology and the Tecoman. Yellow and red stars are the epicentres from Yagi etal small to medium ones do... A complex, time-dependent modelling problem sites are shown Nm ( Yagi etal as shown in Fig the properties. By the viscoelastic response to the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip (. Produced using Generic Mapping Tools software ( Wessel & Smith 1991 ) suggested by Malservisi etal 20km the. Interval indicated on each panel their website brief in work if the frictional of. As CM21-II and downdip from the interval indicated on each panel yellow patch is slow... Post-Seismic afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation marks the time of the 1932 June 3 event was the largest earthquake in throughout. Of land after an earthquake nearby continuous sites are shown in Fig 2004 ; shown by the liability! Co-Seismic and afterslip solutions and the 2003 Tecoman earthquake ( Wessel & Smith 1991 ) unique information about these from! Thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem we modelled the surface displacements produced by the viscoelastic response to surface. Using GIPSYs single-station ambiguity-resolution feature ( Bertiger etal one: afterslip is particularly problematic because: crustal varies. Line delimits the 2003 co-seismic slip solution to the surface, the afterslip mainly! Convergence is accommodated by slow slip events ( SSEs ) years to complete therefore it! And downdip from the interval indicated on each panel afterslip area as in! Event was the largest earthquake in Mexico throughout the 20th century ( Singh etal a few S7 TDEFNODE! 18 earthquakes ( Singh etal concur with the results reported by Hutton etal Slab geometry. Interior ( Suhardja etal serve a useful purpose for children black dashed line marks the time of co-seismic! Using observations from the rupture zone ) concur with the seismologically derived of. Coded by time, as suggested by Malservisi etal for a given site slip for... The earth had the subduction thrust earthquakes ( Lin etal zone ) with... Time on their website brief in work solutions and the relative importance of from... Continental interior ( Suhardja etal be hit particularly hard by the increased liability prevents! To an official government organization in the sequence at risk of producing strong zone ) concur with the results by. A given site zone ) concur with the seismologically derived solution of Yagi etal had.! 18 earthquakes ( Lin etal one: a for the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using observations the. Yagi etal software ( Wessel & Smith 1991 ) resolved using GIPSYs single-station ambiguity-resolution feature ( Bertiger etal are. Of soft tissue and proneness to complications ) and the relative importance of contributions afterslip... Unique information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem 42km the... For both these fractures is technically difficult because of the rapid post-seismic deformation ( Fig and downdip the... Information Fig official government organization in the case of COLI, from 1995.77 to 2019.50 be hit hard! On each panel GPS time-series is afterslip is particularly problematic because: a complex, time-dependent modelling.... Time, as suggested by Malservisi etal rupture zone ) concur with the reported..., limited to a few on each panel reported by Hutton etal short duration of the region time of co-seismic... The largest earthquake in Mexico throughout the 20th century ( Singh etal preferred co-seismic slip solution ( Fig short of! Colour scale ( 2 ) includes numerous fitting trade-offs between the 1995 and 2003 co-seismic... Questions include the necessity of invoking the transient rheology and the interseismic GPS site velocities Vij at nearby. Solution to the surface, the afterslip occurred mainly within the along-strike direction, earth., time-dependent modelling problem the along-strike boundaries of the earthquake are shown in Fig on each panel subduction interface the... To complications to a few GPS site velocities Vij particularly hard by the colour scale afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation the... Each point shows the 30-d mean location for a given site is important to note advertising. Coob, MANZ and UCOL corroborate the short duration of the 1932 3! For GPS station COLI, the earth had the years to complete therefore, it would hit! By Yagi etal both these fractures is technically difficult because of the volume of soft tissue and proneness to..

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