byzantine emperor justinian
[7] However, Theodoric died in 526, ending the persecution. https://www.thoughtco.com/byzantine-roman-emperor-justinian-118227 (accessed March 1, 2023). Justinian, however, had to pay the Persians a subsidy of 11,000 pounds of gold, and in return Khosrow gave up any claim to a subvention for the defense of the Caucasus. Following a revolt against the Empire in Armenia in the late 530s and possibly motivated by the pleas of Ostrogothic ambassadors, King Khosrau I broke the "Eternal Peace" and invaded Roman territory in the spring of 540. Procopius relates that 30,000[46] unarmed civilians were killed in the Hippodrome. He is often depicted wearing a long robe and a long tunic, with a belt and a scarf draped over his shoulders. In Italy, dynastic squabbles amongst the ruling Ostrogoths gave Justinian an opportunity to invade, and in 535 he sent Belisarius to Sicily with 7,500 men. Having thus secured his eastern frontier, Justinian turned his attention to the West, where Germanic kingdoms had been established in the territories of the former Western Roman Empire. ThoughtCo. Both parties made little headway, and in 545 a truce was agreed upon for the southern part of the Roman-Persian frontier. 85-99). "[56], An African prefecture, centered in Carthage, was established in April 534,[57] but it would teeter on the brink of collapse during the next 15 years, amidst warfare with the Moors and military mutinies. As a ruler, Justinian showed great energy. (Vasiliev (1952), p. 147). The Byzantine Empire had its first golden age under the Justinian dynasty, which began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. [52] Justinian then tried to make alliance with the Axumites of Ethiopia and the Himyarites of Yemen against the Persians, but this failed. At the same time, his wife, the former actress Theodora, who exercised considerable influence over him, was crowned augusta. [citation needed], In Justinian's reign, and partly under his patronage, Byzantine culture produced noteworthy historians, including Procopius and Agathias, and poets such as Paul the Silentiary and Romanus the Melodist flourished. Details. [1] Like many country youths, he went to Constantinople and enlisted in the army, where, due to his physical abilities, he became a part of the Excubitors, the palace guards. On the foreign front, he struggled. Coin: Follis of Justinian I (527-565 AD), struck Constantinople, year 13 (= 539-540 AD). There he was offered the title of Western Roman Emperor by the Ostrogoths at the same time that envoys of Justinian were arriving to negotiate a peace that would leave the region north of the Po River in Gothic hands. He regulated everything, both in religion and in law. In the face of considerable opposition from his generals and ministers, Justinian launched his attack on North Africa to aid Hilderich in June 533. The Byzantine Empire soon lost most of these gains, but it held Rome, as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, until 751, a period known in church history as the Byzantine Papacy. Byzantine Empire Map under Justinian Justinian I was unquestionably the most famous emperor in the Byzantine Empire. Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. Theological treatises authored by Justinian can be found in Migne's, Sarris, P. (2017). Justinian died on November 14, 565, in Constantinople. Justinian had inherited a war with Persia from Justin I. Justinian continued the war, succeeding in sending a force all the way down the Euphrates, but the raid stalled, and he lost the beginnings of a new fortress in a crushing defeat. Belisarius feigned acceptance of the offer, entered the city in May 540, and reclaimed it for the Empire. Subsequently, Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the Ostrogoths. 89 ff., Greatrex (2005), p. 488 ff., and especially H. Brm, "Der Perserknig im Imperium Romanum", in, Procopius mentions this event both in the. He was known as "the emperor who never sleeps" for his work habits. Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, Tremissis. The religious position of the Monophysites (whom Justinian's wife, Empress Theodora, supported) conflicted with the accepted Christian doctrine from the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451). Past emperors had supported the Monophysites' position, which was in direct conflict with the Orthodox teachings of the papacy, and this strife led to the Acacian schism. [6] His general, Belisarius, swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. [23] Justinian showed a lot of ambition, and several sources claim that he was functioning as virtual regent long before Justin made him associate emperor,[26] although there is no conclusive evidence of this. Four months later, upon Justin I's death, Justinian became the sole sovereign at the mature age of 44. The Hagia Sophia: Byzantine Emperor Justinian built the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Wisdom of God, the Hagia Sophia, which was completed in only four and a half years (532 CE-537 CE). One of the greatest achievements of emperor Justinian I (527-565 CE) was the Reconquest of the Roman West. As a result of this unpopularity, he was deposed by the army in 602 and replaced with their choice, Phocas. Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine,[37] became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life. The Justinian dynasty ended in 602 with the deposition of Maurice and the ascension of his successor, Phocas. Justinian's childless uncle became the Roman Emperor Justin I in A.D. 518. Justinian II (668/9 - November 4, 711) was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. These wars of reconquest had a dramatic impact on the Byzantine . Justinian replaced him with Bessas, who was under a cloud after the loss of Rome in 546, but he managed to capture and dismantle Petra in 551. The first truly strong Byzantine Emperor was Justinianwho ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 CE to 565 CE. Cooking class in Turkish Cuisine 55 2 hour Turkish cuisine training course with the executive chef of Olive Anatolian Restaurant. The impact of this outbreak of plague has recently been disputed, since evidence for tens of millions dying is uncertain. Thereupon Belisarius, with 7,500 men,[60] invaded Sicily (535) and advanced into Italy, sacking Naples and capturing Rome on 9 December 536. Finally, Justinian dispatched a force of approximately 35,000 men (2,000 men were detached and sent to invade southern Visigothic Hispania) under the command of Narses. Justinian I (/ d s t n i n /; Latin: Iustinianus, Classical Latin: [iustinians]; Greek: Ioustinianos; 482 - 14 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". The third book, Institutiones, was compiled and published in 533, and the fourth book, Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem, was completed upon Justinians death in 565. Justinian was born in Tauresium,[10] Dardania,[11] probably in 482. Hearing of this, the Gothic king Witigis sent a huge force, some accounts put the force as large as 150,000, to besiege Rome. [Adobe InDesign (.indd); 5078x3248]. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire. [23][28] Justinian remained Justin's close confidant, and in 525 was granted the titles of nobilissimus and caesar (heir-apparent). He adopted Justinian either before or after he became emperor; hence the name Justin ianus. Dorothy L. Sayers, Paradiso, notes on Canto VI. Justinian's policies switched between attempts to force Monophysites and Miaphysites (who were mistaken to be adherers of Monophysitism) to accept the Chalcedonian creed by persecuting their bishops and monks thereby embittering their sympathizers in Egypt and other provinces and attempts at a compromise that would win over the Monophysites without surrendering the Chalcedonian faith. Justinian is a major character in the 1938 novel Count Belisarius, by Robert Graves. The code synthesized collections of past laws and extracts of the opinions of the great Roman jurists. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors, Reconstruction of column of Justinian in Constantinople, Annotated Justinian Code (University of Wyoming website), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justinian_I&oldid=1141950627, Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles, Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with disputed statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1 April 527 14 November 565 (alone from 1 August 527), This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 18:47. [42] It remains influential to this day. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the 6th century CE. Byzantine Emperor Justinian would most likely have worn an elaborate tunic and robe, often with a bejeweled and embroidered silk cape or cloak. [49] As a Christian Roman emperor, Justinian considered it his divine duty to restore the Roman Empire to its ancient boundaries. Crossword Clue. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Justinian Code was law throughout the empire. The reasons for his withdrawal are not known, but it may have been instigated by rumours of his disloyalty reaching the court. As the senate wanted to avoid outside involvement and influence, they were pressed to quickly select a candidate; however, they could not agree. In 541 he invaded Lazica in the north. Then, when Justin died on August 1, 527, Justinian went from joint to sole emperor. Justinian One emperor was able to restore control over the former lands of the Eastern Roman Empire. Even now, it is universally acknowledged as one of the greatest buildings in the world. [6] After delicate negotiations, the Acacian schism ended in late March, 519. As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture. On Theodora's insistence, and apparently against his own judgment,[47] Justinian had Anastasius' nephews executed.[48]. Justinian became Caesar in 525. A five-years truce was made in 545 and renewed in 551 but still did not extend to Lazica, which the Persians obstinately refused to restore, and a fierce struggle continued intermittently in this mountainous region. [citation needed]. [64] His name at birth was Petrus Sabbatius. [45], Justinian's habit of choosing efficient but unpopular advisers nearly cost him his throne early in his reign. While military efforts were directed to the East, the situation in Italy took a turn for the worse. 4.42g, 20mm Helmeted bust of Justinian facing, holding a globus cruciger "DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG" Victory standing, facing, holding a long cross surmounted by "P" and a globus cruciger. His most notable monument was the Hagia Sophia (537), its name meaning "holy wisdom," an immense church with a massive dome and light filled interior. Milan was taken, but was soon recaptured and razed by the Ostrogoths. The war dragged on under other generals and was to some extent hindered by bubonic plague. As opposed to the rest of the corpus, the Novellae appeared in Greek, the common language of the Eastern Empire. The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinian's aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. government officials. One year and nine days later, after a grueling siege, Witigis had displayed his utter inabilities as a king, and Belisarius had showed his brilliance as a commander. Justinian's wars of reconquest had expanded the empire to include the former Roman provinces of Italia, Baetica, and Africa Proconsularis. [2] The chronicler John Malalas, who lived during the reign of Justinian, describes his appearance as short, fair-skinned, curly-haired, round-faced, and handsome. What were Justinian's architectural contributions to the Byzantine Empire? The consistency of Justinian's policy meant that the Manicheans too suffered persecution, experiencing both exile and threat of capital punishment. [117] According to Brown (1971), the increased professionalization of tax collection did much to destroy the traditional structures of provincial life, as it weakened the autonomy of the town councils in the Greek towns. Justinian expelled teachers of paganism from the Academy in Athens, closing the schools of Athens, in 529. The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian. [citation needed] During this period the city of Rome changed hands three more times, first taken and depopulated by the Ostrogoths in December 546, then reconquered by the Byzantines in 547, and then again by the Goths in January 550. The recovery of Africa cost the empire about 100,000 pounds of gold.[59]. These attacks from beyond the Danube did immense damage, and, although fortifications and defense works were built and strengthened in the Balkans and in Greece, the newcomers were neither effectively repulsed nor assimilated by the Byzantines. To help legitimize his rule, Tsar Ivan III claimed that Russia was the "Third Rome." Historically, this claim was reason Sultan Package 80 A revitalizing experience in the heart of Istanbul's historical peninsula, including a full body scrub and foam massage. Justinian, the last emperor to use Latin, ruled until 565, leaving an impressive list of achievements that included the codification of old Roman law, the construction of Hagia Sophia, and a vigorous attempt to reclaim lost imperial lands in the west. During his reign, he sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire; he also enacted important legal codes. The holy and right-believing Emperor Justinian I (May 11, 483-November 13/14, 565), was Eastern Roman Emperor from August 1, 527, until his death.His wife was the Empress Theodora.Besides being one of the most important rulers of Late Antiquity and a major figure in the history of the Byzantine state, Justinian was also a great champion of Orthodoxy, a builder of churches and a Church writer. Two important facets of Justinians foreign policy were his continuation of the age-old struggle with Persia and his attempt to regain the former Roman provinces in the West from the control of barbarian invaders. Belisarius was recalled from Italy and then immediately sent to the Persian front, which had flared into warfare again. His empire warred constantly with the Persians in the east and the barbarians in the north and west. Justinian was emperor from A.D. 527 to 565. Considered by some scholars to be the last great Roman emperor and the first great Byzantine emperor, Justinian fought to reclaim Roman territory and left a lasting impact on architecture and law. ), Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction (Law and Christianity, pp. Sep 23, 2021 By Kieren Johns, PhD Classics & Ancient History Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. Justinian's ambition to restore the Roman Empire to its former glory was only partly realized. Price realised: n. a. Coins 2 Oct 2022 . [132] Dante also uses Justinian to criticize the factious politics of his 14th Century Italy, divided between Ghibellines and Guelphs, in contrast to the unified Italy of the Roman Empire. He even alienated the pope in Rome, creating a schism. Narses entered Rome and soon afterward defeated Ostrogothic resistance at Mount Lactarius, south of Vesuvius. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. However, the condemnation was received unfavourably in the west, where it led to new (albeit temporal) schism, and failed to reach its goal in the east, as the Monophysites remained unsatisfied all the more bitter for him because during his last years he took an even greater interest in theological matters. Gold and silver were mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt and Nubia. Complete a blank sample electronically to save yourself time and money. [99] Justinian also interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue[100] and encouraged the Jews to use the Greek Septuagint in their synagogues in Constantinople. Obv. (See Browning, R. While he glorified Justinian's achievements in his panegyric and his. [16] The financial mess weakened the empire and forced his successor, Justin II, to suspend payments to the Avars. The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern Hispania significantly enlarged the area of Byzantine influence and eliminated all naval threats to the empire, which in 555 reached its territorial zenith. [82] Justinian protected the purity of the church by suppressing heretics. Now a mob, they appointed a new emperor. In J. Witte, Jr & G. Hauk (Eds. History remembers Emperor Justinian for his reorganization of the government of the Roman Empire and his codification of the laws, the Codex Justinianus, in A.D. 534. His commander Belisarius obtained a peace treaty in 531. Byzantine achievements in art and architecture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power Icons (religious images) Mosaics in public and religious structures Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church) Byzantine culture Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman . Maurice then turned his attention to the Balkans, which, after a decade of inattention from the army, had become completely ravaged by the Slavs. What did Justinian I accomplish as emperor? The Slavs, and later the Bulgars, eventually succeeded in settling within the Roman provinces. In a series of wars', his armies managed to recapture many of the former Roman territories, that had been lost to barbarian invaders in the 5th century. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus was the son of an obscure Thracian named Sabbatius and of a sister of the future emperor justin i. No paper. In his introduction, "Cesare fui e son Iustinano" ("Caesar I was, and am Justinian"[131]), his mortal title is contrasted with his immortal soul, to emphasize that "glory in life is ephemeral, while contributing to God's glory is eternal", according to Dorothy L. The young king Athalaric had died on 2 October 534, and a usurper, Theodahad, had imprisoned queen Amalasuintha, Theodoric's daughter and mother of Athalaric, on the island of Martana in Lake Bolsena, where he had her assassinated in 535. Many emperors founded lasting dynasties or achieved even longer-lasting fame as great rulers, and these include Constantine I, Justinian I, Basil I, Basil II, Alexios I Komnenos, John II Komnenos, Constantine VII, and Leo III. To prevent floods from damaging the strategically important border town Dara, an advanced arch dam was built. One famous Byzantine Emperor was Justinian I. Justinian ruled from AD 527 to 565. Justinian, or Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus, was arguably the most important ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire. Failure to keep them out is one of the criticisms sometimes made against Justinian. It was followed by the Digesta (or Pandectae), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the Institutiones, a textbook explaining the principles of law. After the defeat of the Ostrogothic king Witigis and the capture of Ravenna in 540, imperial administration was reestablished in Italy under the praetorian prefect Athanasius. He ensured that Justinian received a Classical education and military training. Theodora helped her husband choose. Belisarius had been recalled in the face of renewed hostilities by the Persians. On the western Roman Empire, see now H. Brm. Justinian then recalled the victorious Belisarius. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Updates? Imprisoned, the deposed king appealed to Justinian. Greater administrative power was given to both the leaders of the prefectures and of the provinces, while power was taken away from the vicariates of the dioceses, of which a number were abolished. During his reign the large Sangarius Bridge was built in Bithynia, securing a major military supply route to the east. In January 532, partisans of the chariot racing factions in Constantinople, normally rivals, united against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the Nika riots. Watch. Justinian had somewhat neglected the army in the East, and in 540 Khosrow moved into Mesopotamia, northern Syria, and Byzantine Armenia and systematically looted the key cities. Their king, Theodoric the Great, was suspicious of plots by the Byzantines; and turned on the Roman senatorial class, going so far as executing the philosopher Boethius, who was attempting to end the persecution. Kp Justinian's Men : Careers and Relationships of Byzantine Army Officers, 518-610 av David Alan Parnell. When the truce was again renewed in 557, however, Lazica was included. The damage caused to Constantinople by the Nika Revolt paved the way for Constantine's building project, according to DIR Justinian, by James Allan Evans. Shifting Genres in Late Antiquity, Hugh Elton, Geoffrey Greatrex, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015. Procopius' book On Buildings [De aedificiis] describes Justinian's building projects that included aqueducts and bridges, monasteries, orphanages, hostels, and the Hagia Sophia, which still stands in Constantinople/Istanbul. Justinian sent another general, Narses, to Italy, but tensions between Narses and Belisarius hampered the progress of the campaign. This campaign marked the apogee of Byzantine expansion. Under the rule of Justinian, many historians would make the argument that Byzantine . He was a Christian leader who brought two cultures together, which allowed for the exchange of building techniques and architectural elements. Fri frakt ver 199 kr. Justinian and members of his court, physically unaffected by the previous 535536 famine, were afflicted, with Justinian himself contracting and surviving the pestilence. During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace. Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453. In 554, a large-scale Frankish invasion was defeated at Casilinum, and Italy was secured for the Empire, though it would take Narses several years to reduce the remaining Gothic strongholds. Belisarius could make no headway without adequate reinforcements, and in 549 he was recalled to Constantinople. [32] Around 525, he married his mistress, Theodora, in Constantinople. 527-565 Reign of Justinian I; builds church of Hagia Sophia; codifies Roman law; reconquers North Africa, Sicily, and Italy Byzantine Empire, c. 400 Byzantium during reign of Justinian Byzantium, c. 800 Byzantium, c. 1050 Byzantium, c. 1270. The mosaics here are perhaps the greatest of early Byzantine if not all post-Roman mosaics; they do serve as embellishment to reinforce the grandeur of Justinian, perhaps simultaneously last Roman emperor and first Byzantine emperor. In addition, long-distance trade flourished, reaching as far north as Cornwall where tin was exchanged for Roman wheat. [101], The Emperor faced significant opposition from the Samaritans, who resisted conversion to Christianity and were repeatedly in insurrection. Justinian rule the empire. This impasse of sorts led to Justinian negotiating the "Perpetual Peace" in 532 in which he agreed to pay 11,000 pounds of gold in return for a cease in hostilities and the defense of several mountain passes. Gelimer replied, in effect, that Justinian had no authority to make these demands. Justinian may have exerted great influence on his uncle and is considered by some historians, such as Procopius, to be the real power behind the throne. Designed as an accessible introduction to Justinian's reign and his time, The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire offers readers and researchers an appealing mix of descriptive chapters,. In the course of his reign, Justinian, who had a genuine interest in matters of theology, authored a small number of theological treatises. [78] He made the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan creed the sole symbol of the Church[79] and accorded legal force to the canons of the four ecumenical councils. These additions expanded the Byzantine Empire to the largest point in its history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Justinian I, Latin in full Flavius Justinianus, original name Petrus Sabbatius, (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor (527565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus; 534). After a second battle at Mons Lactarius in October that year, the resistance of the Ostrogoths was finally broken. . She helped. There was also a disputed succession to the throne after the aged Vandal king Hilderich, who had been in alliance with Constantinople and had ceased persecution of the Catholics, was deposed in favour of Gelimer in 530. - 2NEC0HG from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Under their respective kings Ildibad and Eraric (both murdered in 541) and especially Totila, the Ostrogoths made quick gains. A history of the Byzantine state and society. [14] He marched into Ravenna unopposed, occupied it, then disposed of King Witigis. [23] As a result, Justinian was well educated in jurisprudence, theology, and Roman history. After hard campaigning in the East in the ByzantineSassanid War of 572591, he was promoted to the rank of patricius. ", "The Date, Dedication, and Design of Sts. After campaigns in which the Byzantine generals, among whom Belisarius was the most distinguished, obtained considerable successes, a truce was made on the death of Kavadh in September 531. The Blue and Green teams created a disturbance in the Hippodrome on June 10, 532. Before the matter was resolved, Justinian died, in 565. San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic. After more ensuing dynastic squabbles, resulting in the deaths of two kings, Belisarius was invited to Rome by Pope Silverius while the king was in Ravenna. The newly founded province of Spania kept the Visigoths as a threat to Hispania alone and not to the western Mediterranean and Africa. [59] Procopius estimated 15,000,000 Goths died. Justin, as an Orthodox, and John of Cappadocia, immediately set about repairing relations with Rome. See Croke (2005), pp. Dr. Patrick Hotle a decorated and award winning historian and professor discusses the amazing and important history of the Byzantine Empire and the ancient city of Constantinople. [69], In addition to the other conquests, the Empire established a presence in Visigothic Hispania, when the usurper Athanagild requested assistance in his rebellion against King Agila I. The Justinian dynasty began with the accession of its namesake Justin I to the throne. The Gothic garrison of Naples resisted however, and after several months siege[12] Belisarius sacked the city. John F. Haldon, "Economy and Administration", in Michael Maas (ed.). [2] He fought in the Isaurian and Persian wars and rose through the ranks to become the commander of the Excubitors, which was a very influential position. He neglected no opportunity to secure the rights of the Church and clergy, and to protect and extend monasticism. [112] Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians. most powerful. Emperors Justin I (and later Justinian himself) rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome. Justinian is played by Innokenty Smoktunovsky in the 1985 Soviet film Primary Russia. ", "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. The flowering of Byzantine architecture and art occurred in the reign of the Emperor Justinian from 527-565, as he embarked on a building campaign in Constantinople and, subsequently, Ravenna, Italy. [76], As in his secular administration, despotism appeared also in the Emperor's ecclesiastical policy. He forced Justinian I to pay him 5,000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year. The Byzantine Empire! ca. Belisarius could do little against the Ostrogoths in Italy. Contemporary sources (John Malalas, Theophanes, and John of Ephesus) tell of severe persecutions, even of men in high position. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. 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